The automation of warehouse logistics and other sectors generates understandable alarm about the implications for job creation.What it doesn’t typically raise are concerns about the ramifications for fire protection. But the issue is now getting media attention after a robot-staffed Ocado warehouse was devastated by fire this week.
The fire broke out at the site, in Andover, Hampshire, on Tuesday 5 February and, despite the efforts of around 200 firefighters, has only today, on Friday morning, finally been extinguished.
Spanning 18 acres the site is manned (though that word seems inapt) by 1,100 cuboid swarm robots, which collect groceries from crates and deliver them to a packing station.
If robots are more cost-effective than humans – requiring no pay, food or rest – then they do present a fire safety issue: electronics get hot. Furthermore, as one commenter on an Instagram post by BBC journalist Zoe Kleinman wrote, robots “can’t smell the smoke when said workplace is on fire.”
That’s not to say that electronics were to blame in this instance; the cause of the fire remains unclear pending an investigation.
Watch our footage showing the devastating aftermath of the #OcadoFire in #Andover ? #OcadoAndoverFire pic.twitter.com/IbZO04AKyd
— Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service (@Hants_fire) February 7, 2019
At least if no people are employed, there is no risk to life when fire does break out. Nevertheless, the incident will surely cost the online supermarket millions of pounds in damaged stock (and robots) plus operational disruption.
The latest in a litany of warehouse fires in recent years, the Ocado fire shows once again how fiendishly difficult fire protection is in these environments. The high concentration of an enormous volume of flammable materials means fires take hold and spread rapidly, leaving firefighters to tackle enormous burning buildings.
“Automated warehousing presents challenges resulting from very high storage densities, limited access, electronic conveyancing systems, high racking and cold storage requirements.” Dr James L D Glockling, technical director, Fire Protection Association
“The Ocado warehouse fire is a stark reminder of the instantaneous impact that fire can have on a major business, its operations, and share price,” said Dr James L D Glockling, technical director at the Fire Protection Association. “Automated warehousing facilities present significant fire protection challenges as a result of very high storage densities, limited access, electronic conveyancing systems, high racking, and cold storage requirements.”
The Ocado warehouse reportedly deployed a sprinkler system that has won a global award and which activated correctly.
“With (unconfirmed) information emerging that the Ocado warehouse was sprinkler-protected, this sad event will no doubt prompt a thorough investigation as to the circumstances that might have led to the protection system being overwhelmed,” continued Glockling. “Sprinkler system failures are very rare events, they are specifically designed to offer levels of resilience far in excess of any other suppression technology and millions are spent every year around the world ensuring that installation and design rules keep abreast with modern-day challenges and storage methods.”
Although it is too early to comment specifically on the Ocado fire, Glockling said the incident generates wider questions about the challenges posed by modern warehouses.
“Although the majority of sprinkler operations result in a fire being extinguished, their design remit is to stop the development of a fire, hold it at a manageable size, and support fire and rescue service intervention (ensuring structural integrity of the building and supporting tenable conditions) for a predefined period of time until it is manually extinguished by them.
“With the increasing size of buildings, complexity of internal structures limiting access within the building, and the potential for fire seats (where the fire starts) to be at some height, there may need to be a need to review just how effective fire and rescue services can be expected to be within the sprinkler system design time frame.”
Glockling cautioned against assuming flawed or faulty sprinklers were to blame: “The design of any sprinkler system needs to be accompanied by strict control of the environment it is designed to protect. Any holistic design requires a passive envelop to work within and control over key parameters that might act to form sustained ignition sources or spread fire, requiring isolation of power, heat, energy systems, and conveyancing systems to name but a few. Failure of any one of these supporting systems could contribute to creating conditions that the sprinkler system was never designed to cope with.
“It is the Fire Protection Association’s belief that this isolated event should not detract from the unrivalled reputation sprinkler systems have for performance and for the enormous contribution they make to the protection of the UK’s business economy, and that we learn from whatever this teaches us to make future systems better still.”
Glockling suggested that regulations have not kept pace with the growing complexity of the problem.
“The UK has the laxest mandated requirements for the protection of the commercial estate from fire in Europe – allowing enormous unprotected compartment sizes. Subject to the findings of any investigation, perhaps now might be the time to review this so that the fire and rescue service response and installed protection systems can be designed with knowledge of an upper limit by the constraining of building proportions and compartment size to a level that assures protection performance and FRS response can work in harmony as design demands.
“Might it be that we are finding the limit of what can be reasonably protected?”
Ocado, which envisions a people-free platform where the ordering, packing and delivery (via driverless cars) is fully automated, processes 65,000 orders per week at the Andover site. The Ocado model has already been licensed to Morrisons supermarket in the UK, Groupe Casino in France and the Sobeys chain in Canada.
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Automated warehousing does presents challenges resulting from very high storage densities, limited access, electronic conveyancing systems, high racking and cold storage requirement, so a conventional sprinkler system may not be the best solution!
In may opinion, facilities which have a high fire load, limited access, are largely unmanned and critical to a business would be better protected with a hypoxic fire prevention system. When correctly designed, installed and maintained, a fire is not possible. It also has the additional benefit of keeping the food fresh.
Sprinklers are perfect for most applications, but not all.
Follow the science!
Video fire detection could have been used to cover the “void” between the robots and the sprinkler system allowing for earlier detection, conformation and deployment of the sprinklers. The solutions are out there, but when systems are designed just to tick a box, or with the mindset that a fire is unlikely to happen, often no thought is given as to how big a fire has to be before the sprinklers are activated.
I will agree that sprinklers are not suitable for all situations especially High Rack Storage as a fire can develop within the racking and then spread via radiated heat to other racks. However, High Rack Storage Drenchers have worked successfully in containing a fire within the affected racking.
In addition, to protect the retrieving machinery with a self-contained extinguishing system activated by heat activated detector which also raises the alarm could be fitted. (something similar to that fitted to rally cars) Modern technology should allow this to happen